Knowledge and
agriculture
Education, the cornerstone of a knowledge
economy, is given a low priority in developing
countries. This is because of the vested
interests of powerful but corrupt
parliamentarians who find it in their interests
to keep the masses subjugated and enslaved.
Education brings understanding and awareness,
and frees the minds to question those in power.
Distorted forms of democracy in which there is
no accountability of the rulers have been set up
in many developing countries. Such democracies
only serve a few corrupt leaders who loot and
plunder at will.
The attempt in 2010 to destroy the Higher
Education Commission (HEC) was the brainchild of
some politicians with forged degrees who felt
threatened by a high quality, merit-based
organisation operating like an oasis in a sea of
corruption. It was saved by the intervention of
the Supreme Court of Pakistan on an appeal
(filed by the Atta-ur-Rahman, Ms Marvi Memon and
Azam Swati) that gave a judgment that the
attempt to shred the HEC was unconstitutional.
Now, however, some evil minds are plotting the
death of the HEC again.
With their eyes on the Rs44 billion annual grant
of higher education, some “honourable”
parliamentarians have recently moved a bill in
parliament that will take away the control of
the funds from the HEC and give it to a federal
ministry. At present the funds are controlled by
a 17-member commission that includes the
provincial secretaries of education, eminent
educationists and respected citizens. India, by
contrast, has decided to close down its
University Grants Commission and establish an
organisation similar to the HEC. The Indian
cabinet approved the establishment of the
National Commission on Higher Education and
Research (NCHR) in December 2011.
HIt is time for the political
parties in Pakistan to unite, rise up once again and kill
the vile attempt by the corrupt to take control of the Rs44
billion annually made available to the HEC for the
operational and development needs of the universities in
Pakistan.
By the year 2000 the gap between rich and poor countries had
reached 500:1 (World Bank) and it continues to increase with
every passing day. While some countries such as Japan, South
Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and, more recently, China have
managed to narrow this gap between the rich and the poor,
most other developing countries, including Pakistan, are
lagging far behind. Knowledge and technological innovations
are identified as two essential capabilities for bridging
this gap. Since no country has all the resources to achieve
technological competence in all fields, most countries have
concentrated on finding one or two areas of specialisation
for comparative advantage. For Pakistan, this advantage at
present, according to our study, lies in the agriculture
sector.
The agriculture sector in Pakistan supports two-thirds of
the rural population and remains the largest income and
employment generating sector of the economy but accounts for
only 22 percent of the total gross domestic product.
Pakistan has not been able to exploit its immense
agriculture potential due to under- investment in human
resource development and agriculture research. According to
the Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Research (CGIR), public expenditure for agriculture research
in Pakistan as a percentage of agricultural GDP is only 0.29
percent, whereas India and Bangladesh spend 0.36 percent and
Mexico and Kenya spend 1.21 percent and 1.30 percent,
respectively.
The 15-year agriculture reform and development vision for
Pakistan was prepared under the supervision of one of us (Dr
Atta-ur-Rahman). It involved research scientists,
industrialists, farmers association and economists and
identified critical skills, technology, management and
public policy gaps in all fields of agriculture including
major grain crops, horticulture, fisheries, animal
husbandry, rangelands and forestry. Research areas,
technological inputs and better operational practices needed
in soil, seed, fertilisers, pesticides and water management
as well as the transport, grain storage and cold chain
infrastructure required for prevention of 40-45 percent of
post harvest losses have been identified.
It was observed that 75 percent of Pakistan’s agriculture
potential remains untapped. Crop yields on average are lower
by 31-75 percent of the productivity level achieved at local
research stations and lower by 50 percent to 83 percent in
developed countries. These productivity gaps can be
addressed through increased inputs in human resource
development, research, technology and extension services and
through improved management of resources and inputs.
Improved access to institutional credit and access to local
and international markets are essential prerequisites.
Pakistan has all the basic ingredients to excel and
eventually lead in agricultural innovation at regional
level.
Most of the agriculture research organisations. however, are
poorly managed and remain ill-equipped with modern
machinery, library and information infrastructure and
qualified staff. There are no incentives for scientists to
innovate and there are weak linkages between stakeholders
(i.e., researcher, farmers, entrepreneurs and policymakers)
due to a weak extension services system. In order to carry
out reforms of the system and to increase agriculture
productivity an investment of Rs1078 billion will be
required over a period of 15 years. This investment is
expected to generate Rs2,368 billion as net benefits with an
internal rate of return close to 108 percent (PIDE 2003).
At their initial stages of development most developed
countries invested in agriculture innovations to eliminate
rural poverty and to bridge the income inequality gap
between rural and urban populations in their societies.
China’s agriculture reform programme has not only lifted
millions out of poverty but generated enough income for
investment in industrial innovations. The successful
programme, which began in the early 1980s, is premised on
providing flexible, demand-driven packages of services, not
just technology but also information, technical assistance,
marketing and developing supply networks and supply chains.
In 1986, the Chinese ministry of science and technology
initiated the nationwide “Spark” Programme (derived from the
Chinese proverb “A single spark can start a prairie fire,”
meaning that the spark of science and technology will spread
over vast rural areas of China). Its overall objectives were
to help transfer managerial and technological knowledge from
more advanced sectors to rural enterprises and to help
increase productivity and employment.
We need to learn how countries such as China, Egypt and
India have modernised agriculture and are using it to tackle
poverty and transition to a knowledge economy.
Simultaneously we must resist continuing attempts by crooked
minds to destroy the HEC.
Acknowledgement: We are grateful to Bilal Mirza, PhD Fellow,
United Nations University-MERIT, the Netherlands, for his
valuable input
Prof. Atta-ur-Rahman is former federal minister for science
an technology and former chairman of the Higher Education
Commission
Dr S T K Naim is an expert on STI policy and a consultant at
COMSTECH, Islamabad.
Courtesy: The NEWS