There has
been a rapid increase in the use of the Internet in
developing countries, although this expansion is still
largely an urban phenomenon. Rural communities represent
the "last mile of connectivity" (or the "first mile" if
you look at it from a rural perspective) in both
developing and developed countries with regard to access
to Internet services and the telecommunication connections
that help transmit those services. People in rural areas
are generally unable to take advantage of the services
available to their urban peers.
Internet initiatives for rural
development need to be approached with a degree of
caution. One cannot expect less privileged farmers and
food-insecure residents of rural communities to list
computers and digital telecommunication services as
high-priority items for improving their lives. However,
there are various intermediaries serving these populations
which, together with small and medium enterprises (SMEs)
in rural areas, could take advantage of these technologies
to improve their work, improve communication capacity,
gain efficiencies and reduce telecommunication costs. With
SMEs, intermediary organizations such as extension field
offices, rural NGOs, health clinics, government satellite
offices and church organizations can offer communication
services in numerous ways. Strategies for improving access
to the Internet and use for rural development will
necessarily involve the full participation of intermediary
organizations and other rural stakeholders. This article
draws attention to the potential of the Internet for rural
development initiatives.
Today we truly live in a
global village, but it is a village with privileged
information "haves" and many information "have-nots". To
face the unprecedented challenges brought on by the
changing global economy, dynamic political contexts,
environmental degradation and demographic pressures, and
to make critical decisions, people at all levels of
society - especially the food-insecure and the
organizations that serve and represent them - must be
able to access critical information and to communicate.
Improved communication and information access are directly
related to social and economic development (Tallero and
Gaudette, 1995).
The Internet is a
multipurpose tool, a medium of communication and perhaps
the most flexible medium currently available. It has the
potential to be integrated within a wide variety of
efforts that have objectives such as local participation,
training, education, research (especially participatory
research), technical support and institutional
strengthening. Thus, endeavours that might find a role for
Internet applications could range from training to the
development of criteria and indicators for sustainable
agriculture.
A decentralized
"people's network"
The Internet was conceived
and designed in 1963 by Larry Roberts, working for the
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) with funding from
the United States Department of Defence (Negroponte, 1995a
and 1995b). ARPAnet, as it was then called, emerged as a
communication tool in the late 1960s for a handful of
Department of Defence workers and contractors. It was
designed to be a fail-safe communication system because it
would be fundamentally a "decentralized" network. People
could send packets of information from one computer to
another, across the United States, and those packets could
travel by a variety of routes to reach their destination.
If one or several routes were destroyed or malfunctioning,
the packets would find alternative routes and eventually
reach their destination. ARPAnet grew during the late
1960s and 1970s because new "nodes" and routes were added
to include university researchers. The many benefits of
electronic mail (e-mail) were attractive to users and, as
a wider community of faculty and students began to use the
tool, it quickly gained popularity as a communication tool
in North America. Because it was a decentralized network,
there were few means to control its popular expansion, and
it soon transcended its Department of Defence mentors.
The Internet today is a
people's network. Anyone with basic computer equipment and
a telephone line can connect to it, communicate through
it, host information on it and look through or browse it.
Unlike many other media such as television and radio,
every user of the medium can be an information producer
and knowledge sharer. No one knows for sure how many
people are using the Internet today, but estimates range
from 40 million to 100 million people.
Communicating over the
Internet costs a fraction of what it does to use
traditional telephones or fax because information flows in
discrete packets of digital bits that are able to share
telecommunication lines with hundreds of other packets.
Where a traditional transatlantic telephone call will tie
up a single telephone line for only two people, an e-mail
message can travel along a telephone line with hundreds
and even thousands of other messages. Thus, the Internet
is cheap, powerful, decentralized and in the hands of
civil society.
A fact that is well known
to veteran Internet users is that the Internet has the
power to cut across social and geographic distance and
help people find new ways of facilitating the flow of
information and knowledge. Within bureaucratic
organizations it has a way of levelling hierarchies,
facilitating new communication patterns and supporting
activities that might not otherwise occur (Negroponte,
1995a).
The Internet in support
of sustainable rural
and agricultural
development
With regard to Internet use
in support of rural and agricultural development,
applications fall into five main areas: economic
development for agricultural producers, community
development, research/education, SME development and media
networks. The following sections explore these areas.
Applications in
planning and market information
for agricultural
producers
The change to a global
market economy over the last ten years has produced some
very big changes for small producers. Now they need to
understand global market situations to make better
decisions about timing, marketing and management.
Monica
Besoain, field worker for the Chilean NGO, INPROA,
Rengo,
Chile (personal communication, July 1996)
Rural communities and
small-scale agricultural producers are deeply affected by
global economic, environmental and political forces. The
idea that communities of small-scale agricultural
producers are isolated and living in closed,
self-sufficient societies is a myth. In fact, with the
appropriate knowledge, small-scale producers can even have
a competitive edge over larger operations. When knowledge
is harnessed by strong organizations of small producers,
strategic planning can be used to provide members with
lower-cost inputs, better storage facilities, improved
transportation links and collective negotiations with
buyers. The Internet is one tool that can enhance this
flow of information. It is an inexpensive way to
communicate and access global information. Local Internet
services can be easily managed by well-organized local
user groups and farmers' organizations. Information and
analyses can be tailored to local, regional and national
knowledge and communication needs and realities. When
combined with national and global market information
systems, and with the ability to communicate quickly with
potential buyers and brokers, local Internet systems
become valuable strategic planning and decision-making
tools.
Community information
centres and farmers' organizations can also gather
information from the Internet and disseminate it via local
radio stations, newspapers and other local
information-sharing networks and tools. For example, daily
market prices and agricultural news can be posted at
cooperatives, local stores, transportation hubs,
agricultural supply outlets and social gathering points.
Simple newsletters can be developed using Internet
information and distributed to members of farmers'
organizations. When integrated with other media tools, the
Internet can be a powerful information resource and
research tool.
Community development
applications
Modern communication
technologies, when systematically applied and adapted to
conditions in rural areas of developing countries, can
be used for rural communication to increase
participation, disseminate information and share
knowledge and skills. The establishment of new
institutional frameworks, including all stakeholders,
which are autonomous and income-generating, can lead to
sustainable and cost-effective efforts, as opposed to
working only with government agencies.
Manuel
Calvelo Rios, FAO Communication for Development
in Latin
America Project (FAO, 1996b).
Internet services are also
valuable when placed at the service of rural
development-oriented organizations which act as local
communication conduits or intermediaries. Along with
providing improved market knowledge, they can also:
- develop locally appropriate
applications and creative services;
- provide knowledge about
successful development strategies;
- enable efficient regional,
national and global organizational efforts (the use of
the Internet as a global communication and organizing
tool in Chiapas, Mexico, is an excellent example of the
latter);
- improve access to a huge variety
of information, training, research and educational
resources (including distance education services) which
are typically unavailable in rural and remote areas
because of the costs associated with printed materials
and books;
- enable rural young people to
learn about computers and to have access to the
technologies and information available to their urban
peers;
- provide access to critical
technical information for rural professionals such as
physicians, health care workers, technicians and
engineers, thereby providing further encouragement for
these professionals to continue practising in rural and
remote communities;
- be used as marketing tools to
promote rural tourism and market the products of small
secondary industries and home-based businesses;
- enable local NGOs to gain a
global presence and make better contact with potential
donors and supporters through the on-line publication of
resources and information and through the use of
electronic mail; and
- sensitize urban policy-makers to
the realities and needs of rural populations.
Research/education
applications
Toolnet is a network
for small-scale development projects that fosters
exchange of information, experiences, expertise and
solutions to technical problems. It provides
multifunctional electronic mail to link field workers,
local organizations, technological institutions,
international development organizations and individual
... directed toward technology transfer among developing
countries ... Points are operating or planned in about
25 countries world-wide.
Volunteers
in Technical Assistance (Tallero and Gaudette, 1995).
Within national, regional
and international research communities, increased
attention has been directed towards "participatory
research" strategies (Chambers and Guijt, 1996; FAO, 1995a
and 1995b). These strategies place farmers and rural
residents at the centre of the research process and enable
them to enrich their knowledge base and share it with one
another as well as with field workers, researchers and
decision-makers. Internet use among intermediary
organizations and leaders involved in participatory
research can provide a cost-effective method for
documenting and sharing lessons learned and research
results. Internet use also has the potential to strengthen
linkages between and among farmers' organizations,
extension workers, researchers and policy-makers.
The cost of accessing
printed academic materials within developing countries is
usually so high that students and faculty members have
great difficulty acquiring books and journals.
Furthermore, the time required to obtain printed materials
from overseas can be long enough to render some
information outdated by the time it arrives. Via the
Internet, any information published on-line can be
accessed almost instantly and at a fraction of the cost of
obtaining printed materials. Archival lists of resources
can be easily reviewed and assessed in remote locations.
Electronic distance
education services are already in use in North America,
Australia and Europe (particularly among people in rural
areas), and with the continued growth of Internet access
in developing countries there is a very good chance that
similar services will develop a significant demand. On the
African continent, Internet-based distance education
programmes are already underway in Ghana, South Africa and
Egypt. Distance education (as well as traditional
education) partnerships between universities in the North
and the South (such as the University of Guelph's
partnerships with universities in Cameroon and India to
develop distance education extension worker training
programmes) have proved to be beneficial to the
institutions involved. With the assistance of Internet
tools, these partnerships can be further strengthened and
Internet learning resources can be cooperatively developed
across oceans to be utilized by participants in developing
nations. Of course, this process can work in the other
direction too, to enable students in the North to learn
more about the conditions, challenges, potentials and
knowledge development of the South.
Overall, the Internet holds
significant potential to enhance learning and research
relationships among researchers, academics and students
wherever they may be located. The list of potential
applications is infinite and thousands of informal
linkages of this sort take place every day in Internet
discussion groups. Development agencies such as FAO can
play a role in helping to formalize and provide
credentials and diplomas for people who participate in
specific electronic learning initiatives delivered via the
Internet.
Small and medium
enterprise development
The removal of
international trade barriers has brought quickly
changing global markets. Large international
corporations can now compete for the SMEs' market, but
SMEs traditionally have not had the infrastructure or
necessary resources to fight back. Our mission [is] to
provide a productive and professional Internet/WWW-based
network to help SMEs communicate about business needs,
share their resources and expand their markets.
Mission
statement for the International Small Business
Consortium (http://www.isbc.com/).
Private sector businesses,
large and small, are using the Internet to reach new
markets, promote products and services globally and access
critical business and financial information.
The tourism sector has been
quick to recognize the benefits of the Internet for
advertising destinations, tours and holiday services. Of
particular interest are the World Wide Web sites for
"ecotourism", game parks and adventure tours in areas of
southern Africa where rural tourism is a growing industry
(c.f. Welcome to Zimbabwe: Africa Tour Net). Tourism
operators in rural and remote areas have a difficult time
marketing their destinations through traditional media
owing to production and distribution costs. The Internet
now represents a very inexpensive way for them to showcase
their sites to the world and interact directly with
potential tourists.
News media networks
The news media in
developing countries have also been at the forefront of
developing Internet applications. For example, in Zambia,
both national daily newspapers mirror their daily copy on
the World Wide Web, making the local news accessible to
expatriate Zambians around the world. E-mail discussion
groups provide these expatriates with an opportunity to
discuss the daily news with one another and with their
Internet-connected peers in Zambia. A discussion group
joined by the author generated a minimum of 30 e-mail
messages per day! Such e-mail discussion groups for
expatriates and nationals exist for virtually every
developing country in the world and represent a relatively
untapped resource for accessing the views, ideas and
creativity of members of civil society with regard to
development policy and initiatives.
In addition to the latter
news and information applications, organizations such as
Inter Press Service (IPS) Third World News Agency use the
Internet to source news stories from local writers in
developing countries and share those stories with
international wire services such as Associated Press. IPS
is also able to provide Internet feeds that enable African
news media to have access to African news from around the
continent. This is particularly relevant to rural radio
stations and other rural newspaper and newsletter
producers that would otherwise be unable to obtain the
same news from other sources. IPS can also provide an
outlet for rural news writers to share their stories
regionally, nationally and globally. Similar Internet
strategies for rural radio networks, which might also
incorporate digital audio transmissions, may well emerge
in the near future.
Conclusion
The information
revolution offers Africa a dramatic opportunity to
leapfrog into the future, breaking out of decades of
stagnation or decline. Africa must seize this
opportunity, quickly. If African countries cannot take
advantage of the information revolution and surf this
great wave of technological change, they may be crushed
by it. In that case, they are likely to be even more
marginalized and economically stagnant in the future
than they are today.
World Bank
(1996).
The Internet is not a
panacea for rural development, but it does bring new
information resources and can open new communication
channels for rural communities. It offers a means for
bridging the gaps between development professionals and
rural people by initiating interaction and dialogue, new
alliances, interpersonal networks and cross-sectoral links
between organizations. It can create mechanisms that
enable the bottom-up articulation and sharing of local
knowledge. Benefits include increased efficiency in the
use of development resources, less duplication of
activities, reduced communication costs and global access
to information and human resources.
The Internet may help in
meeting peoples' information and communication objectives
in order to attain their development goals and objectives,
but it must be integrated within human contexts and seen
as a "communication process tool", not simply a static
"information technology" or unit-directional broadcast
medium. Otherwise, Internet tools will be relegated to the
junk heaps of inappropriate development technologies or
dismissed because of previous failures to make the medium
locally relevant and useful. Of course, the Internet is
not the only communications tool that may be used; radio
and television may have equal or even greater potential,
at least for the moment.
We must avoid contributing
to the gap between the information haves (experts,
academics, researchers, policy-makers, etc.) and the
information have-nots (usually the ultimate beneficiaries
of development work) that can emerge when we create
Internet applications to serve only privileged researchers
and bureaucrats. In particular, we must strive to find
ways to bring knowledge producers, such as researchers and
policy-makers, closer (in the social as well as the
geographical sense) to the other less recognized knowledge
producers: the people who are the ultimate beneficiaries
of their development programmes.
Early Internet users in
developing countries have proved that they can develop
excellent local services and locally appropriate knowledge
resources. However, without support from development
agencies, there is a risk that such efforts will never
meet the needs of people in rural communities.
Adopting a proactive
strategy and acting to bring the Internet to rural and
agricultural communities in developing countries will help
enable rural people to face the unprecedented challenges
brought on by the changing global economy, political
changes, environmental degradation and demographic
pressures. To deal with these challenges and to make
critical decisions, people at all levels of society, and
especially the food-insecure and the organizations that
serve and represent them, must be able to access critical
information and communicate. Improved communication and
access to information are directly related to social and
economic development (Tallero and Gaudette, 1995).
The time to act in support
of Internet knowledge and communication systems in
developing countries is now. Today we truly live in a
global village, but it is a village with privileged
"information haves" and many "information have-nots". With
the new technologies available to us, we have an
opportunity to change this.
Don Richardson
Don Snowden Program for Development Communication
Department of Rural Extension Studies
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Courtesy
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